Software authors: Brian Williamson and Jean Feng

Methodology authors: Brian Williamson, Peter Gilbert, Noah Simon, Marco Carone, Jean Feng

Python package: https://github.com/bdwilliamson/vimpy

Introduction

In predictive modeling applications, it is often of interest to determine the relative contribution of subsets of features in explaining an outcome; this is often called variable importance. It is useful to consider variable importance as a function of the unknown, underlying data-generating mechanism rather than the specific predictive algorithm used to fit the data. This package provides functions that, given fitted values from predictive algorithms, compute algorithm-agnostic estimates of population variable importance, along with asymptotically valid confidence intervals for the true importance and hypothesis tests of the null hypothesis of zero importance.

Specifically, the types of variable importance supported by vimp include: difference in population classification accuracy, difference in population area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, difference in population deviance, difference in population R-squared.

More detail may be found in our papers on R-squared-based variable importance, general variable importance, and general Shapley-based variable importance.

This method works on low-dimensional and high-dimensional data.

Issues

If you encounter any bugs or have any specific feature requests, please file an issue.

R installation

You may install a stable release of vimp from CRAN via install.packages("vimp"). You may also install a stable release of vimp from GitHub via devtools by running the following code (replace v2.1.0 with the tag for the specific release you wish to install):

## install.packages("devtools") # only run this line if necessary
devtools::install_github(repo = "bdwilliamson/vimp@v2.1.0")

You may install a development release of vimp from GitHub via devtools by running the following code:

## install.packages("devtools") # only run this line if necessary
devtools::install_github(repo = "bdwilliamson/vimp")

Example

This example shows how to use vimp in a simple setting with simulated data, using SuperLearner to estimate the conditional mean functions and specifying the importance measure of interest as the R-squared-based measure. For more examples and detailed explanation, please see the vignette.

## load required functions and libraries
library("SuperLearner")
library("vimp")
library("xgboost")
library("glmnet")

## -------------------------------------------------------------
## problem setup
## -------------------------------------------------------------
## set up the data
n <- 100
p <- 2
s <- 1 # desire importance for X_1
x <- as.data.frame(replicate(p, runif(n, -1, 1)))
y <- (x[,1])^2*(x[,1]+7/5) + (25/9)*(x[,2])^2 + rnorm(n, 0, 1)

## -------------------------------------------------------------
## preliminary step: estimate the conditional means
## -------------------------------------------------------------
## set up the learner library, consisting of the mean, boosted trees,
## elastic net, and random forest
learner.lib <- c("SL.mean", "SL.xgboost", "SL.glmnet", "SL.randomForest")

## the full conditional mean
full_regression <- SuperLearner::SuperLearner(Y = y, X = x, family = gaussian(), SL.library = learner.lib)
full_fit <- full_regression$SL.predict ## the reduced conditional mean reduced_regression <- SuperLearner::SuperLearner(Y = full_fit, X = x[, -s, drop = FALSE], family = gaussian(), SL.library = learner.lib) reduced_fit <- reduced_regression$SL.predict

## -------------------------------------------------------------
## get variable importance!
## -------------------------------------------------------------
## get the variable importance estimate, SE, and CI
vimp <- vimp_rsquared(Y = y, f1 = full_fit, f2 = reduced_fit, indx = 1, run_regression = FALSE)

Citation

After using the vimp package, please cite the following (for R-squared-based variable importance):

    @article{williamson2020,
author={Williamson, BD and Gilbert, PB and Carone, M and Simon, R},
title={Nonparametric variable importance assessment using machine learning techniques},
journal={Biometrics},
year={2020},
doi={10.1111/biom.13392}
}

or the following (for general variable importance parameters):

  @article{williamson2021,
author={Williamson, BD and Gilbert, PB and Simon, NR and Carone, M},
title={A general framework for inference on algorithm-agnostic variable importance},
journal={Journal of the American Statistical Association},
year={2021},
doi={10.1080/01621459.2021.2003200}
}

or the following (for Shapley-based variable importance):

  @inproceedings{williamson2020,
title={Efficient nonparametric statistical inference on population feature importance using {S}hapley values},
author={Williamson, BD and Feng, J},
year={2020},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning},
volume={119},
pages={10282--10291},
series = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research},
URL = {http://proceedings.mlr.press/v119/williamson20a.html}
}

License

The contents of this repository are distributed under the MIT license. See below for details:

MIT License

Copyright (c) [2018-present] [Brian D. Williamson]

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

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SOFTWARE.